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01 / People
人物素描
Timothy Baird
Professor and Chair of
Landscape Architecture at Cornell University
Adjunct Principal, Landworks Studio, Inc.
https://www.landworks-studio.com/
University of Pennsylvania, MLA
Louisiana State University, BLA
代表作品
200 5th Avenue | New York, NY
02 / Teaching at Cornell
任教康奈爾大學
█ Cornell的風景園林系隸屬于農學院（Cornell CALS，College of Agriculture and life sciences），該系與其他隸屬于設計學院的風景園林項目（比如賓大，GSD）有什么不同？
Cornell's landscape architecture department is under Cornell CALS - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. How does that make Cornell's landscape architecture different from those who are under Design Schools (such as UPenn, GSD)?
T：康奈爾大學的景觀專業源于農業和園藝業，后來才有了設計學院。很多人都在問我們為什么不搬到設計學院去？我們將這些非常棘手的問題稱為“雷區”，因為兩者各有利弊。雖然設計學院能使學生沉浸于設計工作室文化（studio culture）中，讓他們獲得認同感。
但實際上，康奈爾大學的學生可以在任何一個學院上課，教師也可以在任何一個學院和系中進行研究。因此，我們在哪里都可以做高質量的工作。學習非科學的（設計）學科本身是非常耗時且困難的。所以，經常與其他設計師在一起探討，并觀賞他人的作品對于學習該專業是非常有幫助。
Landscape Architecture generally started in agriculture and horticulture then developed design schools. Some people asked us, “Why don't we move to the design school?”. There are a lot of pros and cons either way. Being in a design school is very good for immersing students in the studio culture and understanding that sort of commitment.
However, Cornell students can take courses anywhere, and faculty can do research across any college or department. We are still able to do quality work no matter where we are. It may be very difficult to learn something that is not a science, such as design. Thus, it is helpful to be around other designers and see their works on exhibit.
█ Cornell的景觀本科(BSLA)與景觀研究生(MLA)在課程設置上的特色分別是什么？景觀研究生會更偏向研究嗎？
What are the differences and features of Cornell's undergraduate landscape architecture (BSLA) and graduate landscape architecture (MLA) courses? Is MLA more research-oriented?
T：其實本科生和研究生的課程設置基本相同，教學老師也都是一樣的。但對于學生工作量的要求，以及對設計理解的深度有不同的期望與標準。一般情況下，研究生的課程以研究為中心，課題需要更嚴謹的學術理論支撐，并對其要有更深入的探討。無論本科生還是研究生的設計課程，我們都會從一個主題和需要實現的目標開始。
我們是常春藤聯盟唯一提供風景園林學本科學位的大學。我們的建筑學也是常春藤聯盟中唯一招收本科生的大學。因此，我們在這兩個專業上擁有相當杰出的專業能力。
The curriculum and faculty for both programs are generally the same, but the amount of work and the depth of understanding are different. The graduate students’ work is expected to be more rigorous and to be more intensively research-based. Their studios are all research-driven. But no matter undergraduate or graduate, all studios begin with a research question on a topic and a set of goals to accomplish.
Cornell is the only Ivy League university that has undergraduate degrees in both landscape architecture and architecture. Thus, they are very unique in that respect.
█ 康奈爾大學和上海交通大學有合作，目前或者未來還會與哪些中國院校進行合作？
There was a collaboration between Cornell University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. What is the future plan for Cornell's landscape architecture department regarding international collaboration?
T：康奈爾大學與上海交通大學的風景園林系已經有50年的合作歷史了。這些年，我們景觀系的學生和交大的學生進行了一次聯合教學的課程。我們把康奈爾的學生帶到上海，然后他們把交大的學生帶到康奈爾。
Cornell has had a relationship with the landscape architecture department at Jiao Tong University for many years. We had an experimental class of collaborative teaching a few years ago. We brought students here, and they brought students to Cornell.
█ 兩所學校未來會做聯合課程或者聯合學位嗎？
Is it possible for both universities to share the studio classes?
T：上海交大很希望能促成這樣的合作，但這是一個艱難的過程。我們目前并沒有足夠的教師來承擔這項工作，但將來會考慮的。
目前，我們正在討論求學期間出國學習(study aboard program)的合作機會。我認為，讓外國的學生來中國學習會是一種很棒的體驗！我們系有很多中國學生想回中國進行暑期實習，因此我也在中國為他們物色實習機會。中國現在有很多新興的本土設計公司。例如在深圳，上海和洛杉磯都設有工作室的Lab D + H。它是由我們的校友鐘惠城與他的朋友們一同創建的。
That's exactly what they would like to see implemented, but it is a very difficult thing to do. We don’t have enough faculty to take over that responsibility, but it's something that we were thinking of in the future for sure.
But for now, we are looking at study abroad opportunities, such as exchange programs. Especially, I think having foreign students come and study one semester would be great. A lot of Chinese students want to go back to China for internships during the summer break. Thus, I'm looking at firms here for them. There are so many new young emerging Chinese firms like Lab D+H in Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Los Angeles which was co-founded by our Cornell alumni, Huicheng Zhong.
█ 您本人畢業于賓夕法尼亞大學和路易斯安那州立大學，這兩個學校的教學對您目前在康奈爾的任教與景觀實踐有何影響？
You graduated from Upenn and LSU. How did the teaching of these two schools influence your current teaching at Cornell and professional practice?
T：路易斯安那州立大學（LSU）的教學理念和應用技術都非常先進。正如他們的教學理念 —— 一位真正優秀的設計師，需要在設計的同時知道如何實現他的作品。
畢業后我在費城工作，并在四年半后獲得了景觀建筑師的執照。可惜我在經濟衰退的時期失業了，于是我決定去賓大深造。賓大擁有一個完全不同的教學系統，他們側重于運用自然與自然科學合作的生態規劃和設計。同時，賓大還邀請了一些相當優秀的設計師，例如賓大風景園林設計的系主任伊恩·麥克哈格（lan McHarg）、勞里·奧林（Laurie Olin）、鮑勃·漢娜（Bob Hanna）等人，由他們重組景觀系并設置課程。
我認為教育背景的結合有利于我在景觀方面任教與實踐。其實任何一所厲害的高等學府都會教授你很多東西，你還有機會結識來自全球的明星設計師們。我認為，與不同的設計師工作能幫助我們學習到更多不同的設計理念。
LSU had a very great design focus with technical competence. That was what they wanted to see in their graduates – A good designer should know how to craft ideas into built work. Therefore, that was my foundation.
I went to work in Philadelphia, and I was licensed after four and a half years. Unfortunately, I was laid off because of a recession. I eventually got into Penn to start my graduate degree. I experienced a different teaching system. Penn focuses on ecological planning and design. Especially planning focuses on engaging natural scientists and social sciences. Program Chair Ian McHarg also hired people who formed and re-programmed landscape architecture, such as Laurie Olin and Bob Hanna, who were really good designers.
I think the combination of the educational background from LSU and Penn was a good foundation. Any good graduate school offers its students opportunities to meet and learn a lot from many outstanding designers. I always felt that I needed to work with as many different designers as possible to gain multiple design perspectives.
█ 您曾經教過一個景觀結合虛擬現實技術來研究巴西貧民窟的設計課，您如何看待新技術對于景觀行業的影響？
We know that you had a new studio that engaged students in the study of one Brazilian favela through virtual reality (VR) technology. What’s your attitude towards new technology in landscape architecture? And how can we incorporate them better with design studios?
T：一般情況下，在設計課開始時你就需要去勘測場地；并在有設計想法之后再回去一次，即二次勘測。但條件限制了我們只能在有想法了之后再去實地。因此，在課程開始的初期，我們利用虛擬現實技術代為勘查，盡可能地使我們的學生對場地有較為深入地認識。我們也確實擁有一個這樣地虛擬環境能夠讓學生身臨其境地勘測場地。
比如在巴西里約熱內盧州的圣瑪爾塔貧民窟。那里地形地質條件復雜，卻被搭建了成群的非規范房屋。其實，在發展中國家有很多類似這樣的案例，因此我們需要研究它。現在，學生只需要戴上VR眼鏡，就能在虛擬的環境中進行移動和感知場地。抬頭看到建筑物，低頭看到鋪路。這種感覺真的太棒了！課程結束后，我們會對學生進行調查以了解他們對該過程有什么建議和感想。
對于該設計課程與技術的整合，目前還停留在勘測收集數據的階段，以后還會延伸到設計階段。我們會向前邁進，把設計放進VR眼鏡中感受其帶來的未來感。在未來，你的設計就在眼前！
Obviously, you go to see the people and the site in the beginning and then go back after developing proposals. However, we could only afford to take one trip to Brazil. Thus, we did a virtual site visit that used virtual reality as a proxy (for the beginning part). Fortunately, we had this virtual environment that students could enter into and move through to better understand the neighborhood before we traveled there.
The site was the Santa Marta Favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The people made communities organically on land that was forbidden for development due to very steep slopes. There are many informal settlements in developing countries because of the high cost of local housing. During the studio, our students could put on the VR headset at any time and move through the site virtually to collect data. It is amazing because you can look up and see the building. You can also look down and see the paving. After our students finished the course, we surveyed their feelings about that process.
We are not only incorporating technologies into studios in the site inventory phase but also through design phases. VR gives us an impression of what it would be like at eye level to be there in person.
Department of Landscape Architecture
Tim Baird，professor，and chair of the Department of Landscape Architecture joined the Council of Fellows for the American Society of Landscape Architects at a ceremony Oct. 21 in Philadelphia.
03 / Design Practice
設計實踐
█ 您在教學的同時也在Landworks studio擔任設計總監，您是如何平衡教學與實踐的？
While teaching design, you are also an Adjunct Principal at ‘Landworks Studio’. How do you balance teaching and practice?
T：我很榮幸在2014年能夠加入Landworks Studio。有時，我自行選擇項目并參與，這對我來說是一個理想的情況。教學和實踐有時很難兼顧，因此保持兩者平衡是很重要的。我希望在將來能有更多的時間投入到建筑實踐中。當然，我的首要責任還是對景觀系的學生負責，將我個人實踐和學術經驗傳授給他們。
我現在經常討論的議題是“基于設計的研究”。我們通過設計來完成研究。研究是一個迭代過程，在繪圖、建模和反復修改中形成有效的研究方式。對我來說，優秀的教師理應創造出具有創造性的作品，而不僅僅是通過學術出版來獲得任期，這一點很重要。
I joined Landworks Studio in 2004 and have continued to practice with the firm in a part-time capacity depending on my workload as department chair... I'm able to work as little or as much as I want, which is an ideal situation for me. Balancing the position between an administrator and professor is difficult but important. I hope I will eventually have more time to devote to practice once we have made several important improvements to the department. My first responsibility is to the department and students. On the other hand, what I bring to students is my practice experience along with my academic experience.
One of the things I talked about at the Idea of Design Education Symposium at SJTU is research by design. It's the idea that research can be done through the act of design. It is a constant iterative process where you're drawing and modeling to test ideas, materiality, formal strategy, ecological and cultural sensitivity, and you're continually changing and revising your design. That is a valid form of research for me. Faculty should be able to get tenure through creative work, not just through research that results in publications.
█ 在中國實踐的過程中，你是如何理解當地的歷史與文化？
When you are practicing in China, how can you understand a site with a long history and culture?
T：理解當地文化對外國人來說是至關重要的。景觀建筑師總是需要在不同的地域進行實踐，第一步就是了解該地的歷史與文化。在團隊中，我們非常需要有人能幫助我們了解當地文化。
我們有時會比建筑師多做一些前期工作。建筑往往不常受場地氣候的限制，但是景觀設計就必須結合當地的環境與氣候。場地分析會暴露當地環境氣候的問題，因此我們的設計必須經過場地分析，結合當地環境，并在歷史、文化上加以理解。尤其是在陌生的文化中，你所作的設計可能會對原住民有所冒犯。
我們的校友鐘惠城描述過他的一段有趣經歷。他有一位注重風水的客戶要求噴泉噴頭必須是奇數。也許在將來我們會在設計課程中加入有關“風水”的教學，估計很多中國學生會比我們教的更好！
Any time one enters a different culture you have to learn about it. Landscape architects are always moving into different territories, and the first step is to understand that territory. You need people on the team to help you with it. On our teams, we have Chinese employees and others who act in this role to help us and guide the projects. We also rely on local consultants who assist in understanding the local culture, ecology, and customs.
We sometimes need to do more than architects because we have to understand the site. There are many things ecologically that you have to understand historically, culturally, especially in a different country.
One of our alumni, Huicheng Zhong, had a client with a project in Shenzhen that required Fengshui. Huicheng showed me that the fountain jets had to be odd numbers. Maybe we should teach a course in Fengshui at Cornell and we have many Chinese students who could teach the course better than the faculty!
04 / How to apply to Cornell
留學申請&作品集建議
█ 作品集是學生申請中很重要的一部分，你希望在學生的作品集中看到什么？什么樣的作品集能讓你們感到印象深刻？
Portfolio is an important part of a student's application. What would you expect to see in a student's portfolio? What kind of portfolio would make you feel impressed?
T：我們會綜合評審作品集和文書，從中判斷申請者的設計能力。基本上我們會希望這個申請者有一個特定的主題，他/她對于這個主題有深入的探討，并有相應的圖紙和模型表達。這個主題可以是一個景觀正在面臨的重大問題，如氣候變化。我們希望他/她能夠挖掘設計背后的理論和想法。
We review their portfolios and personal statements to get a better understanding of the student’s capabilities. We look for someone who has creative potential and who has possibly focused on a specific topic with a deeper understanding. Of course, nice drawings and models, and other examples of creative activity, are expected. For example, this topic could be climate change.
█ 如果你們對某個學生特別感興趣，會發出面試邀請嗎？
If you are very interested in some students from the portfolio, will you give them an interview?
T：并不會。我們都是基于學生提交的內容來決定的。申請康奈爾的門檻很高。學生們的申請材料會首先進入篩選系統，語言分數是首要的考量標準。如果語言分數未標，則會被直接刷掉。
No. acceptances are based on what's submitted. The entrance requirements for Cornell are pretty high. Cornell will separate out the low TOEFL scores prior to our admissions committee sees the applications.
Sasha Anemone and Nell Crumbley LA6010 studio final review
Student work
? Parth Divekar MLA '18 from 3rd Year MLA Studio with Margot Lystra
05 / Advice to students
對年輕學生的建議
█ 您對當今景觀設計行業有怎樣的看法？對于這一代年輕學生和設計師，您希望他們在做設計的時候從哪些方面去考慮？
What do you think of the landscape architecture design today? What aspects do you expect the young generation to consider when designing?
T：如果他們想繼續深造，我的第一建議是去康奈爾大學（笑）。當然現在還有很多其他的好學校。
首先你要充滿好奇心，有批判性思維和職業道德。你要能夠正確看待任何人的作品并對其進行批判性思考。其次，要有協作精神。這個時代的項目涵蓋得越來越復雜，包括生態、社會科學、歷史和文化等。學會與來自不同領域的專家協同工作是尤為重要的。當然，技術也很重要。
First of all, you need to be a curious and self-critical thinker with a developed work ethic. Collaboration is also important. Landscape projects today are very complex and require teams of experts to realize them. This means you must be willing to collaborate with a general understanding of ecology, social sciences, history, culture, all of that. Certainly, you also need to master technology.
Interview with Timothy Baird ? ArchiDogs
訪談｜Kelly Zhu, Luke Lu, Chenliang Ma
翻譯/文案｜Kelly Zhu, Yiwei Huang
校對｜Yiwei Huang, Sherry Li, Yuxin Pan
編輯｜Winnie
審核編輯｜Yibo
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