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伊恩·麥克哈格
Ian McHarg
賓夕法尼亞大學建筑檔案館伊恩-L麥克哈格藏品
lan L. McHarg Collection, The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania
《設計結合自然》第一版封面
The Cover of the First Edition of Design with Nature
1969年賓夕法尼亞大學建筑檔案館伊恩-L麥克哈格藏品
lan L. McHarg Collection, The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania, 1969
為紀念這部具有里程碑意義著作出版55周年，東南大學建筑學院與賓夕法尼亞大學魏茨曼設計學院聯合舉辦“當今之設計結合自然”（Design with Nature Now）的亞洲巡展·南京首站；并聯合舉辦了主題為“人工自然——跨越人工與自然的對立”的暑假學校。
To commemorate the 55th anniversary of the publication of this milestone work, the School of Architecture, Southeast University and the Stuart Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania jointly organized the "Design with Nature Now" Asia tour, with Nanjing as the first stop. They are also co-hosting a summer school-themed "ARTIFICIAL NATURE: Towards Overcoming the Opposition Between Artifice and Nature."
“當今之設計結合自然”的亞洲巡展·南京首站照片
Photographs from the first stop in Nanjing of the Asia Tour Exhibition “Design with Nature Now”
活動主題 Theme
在不同職業領域和學術門類中，傳統意義上對人工世界與自然世界的簡單而絕對的劃分，已經很難令人信服。截然兩分的認知方式被完全摒棄。例如，生態學作為曾經研究自然棲息地的科學，將其研究范圍擴展到人類相關，比如文化；另一方面，人類學和人文學科卻又越來越“環境化”，通常被認為屬于設計藝術的城市設計，則已然把對景觀的設計和理解當作自己的核心命題。我們呼吸的空氣、飲用的水、食用的食物以及居住的景觀，無不是人工的產物。那種關于存在一個原始而透明的自然的舊有觀念，已是一場夢境的終曲。
Across the spectrum of contemporary professions and academic disciplines, the age-old categorical distinction between dimensions of the world that have come into being through one or another of the arts and those that have not is becoming less and less plausible. In many cases, the distinction is simply rejected. Ecology, for example, once a science of natural habitats, has extended its proper subject matter to include human affairs, which is to say culture, just as anthropology and the humanities have become environmental, and a design art like urbanism has become a matter of landscape design and understanding. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, and the landscapes we inhabit are outcomes of human making. The old notion of pristine nature is a dream dreamt out.
BEYOND STONE：Crossing Material Boundaries
2024年的暑期學校，東南大學和賓夕法尼亞大學的青年學子交叉組隊，形成十個研學小組，參與了以工作坊形式展開的一系列學術活動。旨在通過對幾個中國城市中經過精心挑選的建筑、景觀和城市設計作品的記錄和解讀，讓同學們思考和跟進這些前沿觀念。它們或許激進，但卻反映和代表了新的趨勢。中美學生走進南京、上海、蘇州、揚州等中國城市，對代表性的建筑、景觀和城市設計作品進行調研、記錄和解讀，對相關前沿理念開展研討。通過親身考察，以自己的視角記錄與研讀，深入理解這些典范性項目，共同研討生態環境可持續發展的全球議題與設計實踐。
In the summer of 2024, students from Southeast University and the University of Pennsylvania will form ten interdisciplinary research teams to participate in a series of workshops. The goal is to engage with cutting-edge concepts by documenting and interpreting selected architectural, landscape, and urban design projects in Nanjing, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Yangzhou. These projects, while potentially radical, reflect emerging trends. By conducting field investigations and analyzing these exemplary projects, students will gain a deep understanding of the designs and discuss global issues and sustainable ecological development practices.
活動成果 Outcomes
如何“跨越人工與自然的對立”？暑假學校的最終成果從5個方面給予了探索性回答，
1. 考慮項目的建造：取自現場的本地材料和在外地生產或制造后帶到此地的材料，它們之間是什么關系（如連接形式或連接點）？
2. 考慮項目的使用模式：設計所預期的人類行為和場景體驗，如何通過周圍的環境條件得到維持和延續？
3. 考慮項目的空間布局：設計中的哪些元素和部位，揭示了設計師對本地和遠地的事件及時間之間特定關系的認知？
4. 考慮項目形式、外觀和用途的整體一致性：哪些具體跡象表明建筑、景觀和城市設計之間的邊界已然模糊？
5. 考慮項目需要應對的當代現實與其場地既有環境之間的關系：設計中的哪些地方、形式和細節，展示了其對歷史狀況或先在條件的創造性轉化？
How can we "overcome the opposition between artifice and nature"? The outcomes of the summer school provided exploratory answers from five topics:
1. Considering the construction of a project, what are the relationships (joints or forms of connection) between materials that are local to the work and those that have been brought there after being produced or manufactured elsewhere?
2. Considering the patterns of use accommodated by the project, how are the forms of human behavior and experience intended by the design sustained and enriched by ambient environmental conditions?
3. Considering the spatial arrangements of the project, which elements and places of the design indicate the designer’s awareness of specific relationships between local and remote phenomena and occurrences?
4. Considering the overall coherence of the project’s form, appearance, and uses, what are some of the specific indications of a non-distinction between architecture, landscape architecture, and urban design?
5. Considering the relationship between the project’s contemporary reality and the historical precedents that define its location, what are the places, forms, and details of the design that show the creative transformation of historical or pre-existing conditions?
01. THE CONSTRUCTION
BREAKING BINARIES: Modeling Perception of Time, Place, and Materials
團隊旨在探索東西方對建筑和自然環境的不同理解。通過創建三維模型，比較了學生們對虎丘、拙政園和明孝陵等名勝的解讀。結果顯示，學生們對這些地點的看法存在顯著差異。此研究方法有效促進了跨文化對話，打破了傳統的二元對立思維。
The team aimed to explore the differing understandings of architecture and the natural environment between Eastern and Western students. By creating 3D models, they compared students' interpretations of famous sites such as Tiger Hill, the Humble Administrator's Garden, and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. The results showed significant differences in students' perceptions of these locations. This research method effectively promoted cross-cultural dialogue, breaking down traditional binary oppositional thinking.
BEYOND STONE: Crossing Material Boundaries
團隊探討了中國古今園林中石頭的應用及其文化意義，詳細分析了石頭在園林設計中的多種用途，并指出石頭應用中的生態可持續性、材料多樣性以及文化創新，體現了對自然美和文化遺產的持續追求。
The team explored the application and cultural significance of stones in Chinese gardens, both ancient and modern. They conducted a detailed analysis of the various uses of stones in garden design, highlighting ecological sustainability, material diversity, and cultural innovation in their application. This reflects a continued pursuit of natural beauty and cultural heritage.
02. THE PATTERNS OF USE
DIFFUSED BOUNDARIES: Experiential study of Interactions between the artificial and natural
團隊從物形、文化和感官三個層面剖析了邊界的特性和人們與邊界的互動方式，揭示了邊界在建筑設計中的重要性。模糊的邊界能激發人們探索新地點并觀察變化，從而更深刻地認識到自己與自然的緊密聯系。
The team analyzed the characteristics of boundaries and people's interactions with them from three perspectives: physical, cultural, and sensory. They revealed the importance of boundaries in architectural design. Blurred boundaries can inspire people to explore new places and observe changes, leading to a deeper understanding of their close connection with nature.
WATER IS LIFE: Jiangnan Waterscape Expo
團隊探索了中國“山水”藝術風格，聚焦于水與景觀的互動。無論是現代水景還是傳統園林中的水元素，都承載著深厚的文化與自然意義。團隊還通過藝術創作表達了水帶給人們的情感體驗，強調水作為生命之源的重要性。
The team explored the Chinese "Shan Shui" (landscape) art style, focusing on the interaction between water and the landscape. Both modern water features and traditional garden water elements carry profound cultural and natural significance. Through artistic creations, the team expressed the emotional experiences water brings to people, emphasizing its importance as the source of life.
03. THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
FROM HERE TO THERE: Distant Attraction
團隊聚焦于人類與自然互動的設計策略，通過“借景互動”理念，探討設計師如何精心策劃人與自然交流的時刻；分析空間序列與層次深度，揭示互動點的具體體現，以及歷史與現狀的對比，深入探索園林設計的深層意義。
The team focused on design strategies for human interaction with nature through the concept of "borrowed scenery interaction." They explored how designers meticulously plan moments of interaction between people and nature, analyzing spatial sequences and depth to reveal specific instances of interaction. The team also contrasted historical and contemporary examples to deeply explore the profound meanings of garden design.
IN BETWEEN: Dreams and Reality
團隊以拙政園為例，探討了園林如何通窗戶、屏風等元素的運用，實現空間的切割與視覺的框定；從而引導觀者聚焦于每一細節之美，將情感融入設計，激發觀者的想象力與創造力。
Using the Humble Administrator's Garden as an example, the team explored how gardens utilize elements such as windows and screens to achieve spatial segmentation and visual framing. This guides viewers to focus on the beauty of each detail, integrating emotion into the design and inspiring the viewers' imagination and creativity.
04. THE OVERALL COHERENCE OF THE PROJECT‘S FORM, APPEARANCE, AND USES
BEYOND BOUNDARIES: Between Artifice and Nature
團隊通過多尺度的分析，從場地規劃到建筑細節，再到街道和鄰里環境，揭示了自然元素與人類體驗在塑造和諧空間中的核心作用；強調了學科之間的內在聯系，為跨學科設計提供了新的視角和靈感。
Through multi-scale analysis, the team revealed the core role of natural elements and human experience in shaping harmonious spaces, from site planning to architectural details and neighborhood environments. They emphasized the intrinsic connections between disciplines, offering new perspectives and inspiration for interdisciplinary design.
DESIGN WITH SHUI: EXPLORING THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE, ARCHITECTURE, AND URBAN DESIGN
團隊聚焦于中國傳統與現代景觀設計中水的角色與影響，探討其與建筑、景觀及城市設計的緊密關系，以及在現代城市設計中如何塑造空間、增強生態聯系；同時強調了水在中國經濟文化發展中的重要作用。
The team focused on the role and impact of water in traditional and modern Chinese landscape design, exploring its close relationship with architecture, landscape, and urban design. They examined how water shapes spaces and enhances ecological connections in modern urban design, while also emphasizing its significant role in China's economic and cultural development.
05. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROJECT’S CONTEMPORARY REALITY AND THE HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS
WHEN HISTORY MEETS HISTORY: The Transformation of Elements in Historic Chinese Gardens
團隊通過分析結構、材料與活動三個維度，探討傳統與現代如何在建筑設計中和諧共存。團隊挖掘了自然元素與動物意象在建筑中的獨特作用；庭院如何延續傳統并適應現代生活；以及承載歷史的意義外部景觀，如塔，如何成為城市新焦點。
The team explored how tradition and modernity coexist harmoniously in architectural design by analyzing three dimensions: structure, materials, and activities. They investigated the unique role of natural elements and animal imagery in architecture, how courtyards can preserve tradition while adapting to modern life, and how historically significant external landscapes, such as towers, can become new urban focal points.
WORKS AND WORLDS: Design at the Intersection of Culture + Ecology
設計空間不僅是建筑師理念和原則的體現，也是與周圍環境互動的結果。團隊通過蘇州博物館、拙政園、方塔園、三山島等案例，展現了從人類中心主義到強調生態修復和文化保護并重的轉變，洞察人類如何與自然和諧共存。
Designing space is not only a reflection of architects' concepts and principles but also a result of interaction with the surrounding environment. Through case studies such as the Suzhou Museum, the Humble Administrator's Garden, Fangta Park, and Sanshan Island, the team showcased the shift from anthropocentrism to a balanced emphasis on ecological restoration and cultural preservation, providing insights into how humans can coexist harmoniously with nature.
結語 Conclusion
舊有的兩分思維雖與今天越發無關，但因其根深蒂固，甚難克服。改變這種狀況最好從起點處開始，這也成為工作坊的一個前提性認識：學生們通過親身考察，以自己的視角去記錄和研讀，來深入理解這些典范性項目。簡言之，工作坊是一個調動全部身心的研繪練習，重新思考人工與自然之間的二元區分。
Well-established but increasingly less relevant habits of thought are not easily overcome. A premise of the Workshop is that it is best to begin at the beginning: how designers understand exemplary projects by recording and interpreting what they see—and see for themselves. The Workshop, in short, is an exercise in surveying.
Director:
Tong Zhang, Fredrick Steiner
Academic Advisors：
David Leatherbarrow
Coordinators:
Zhongjie Lin, Yonggao Shi
Instructors:
Southeast University: Jun Cao, Gaochao Zhang, Tao Shou, Yipeng Wang, Chu Chu, Lin Wang
University of Pennsylvania: Yadan Luo
Students:
BREAKING BINARIES: Modeling Perception of Time, Place, and Materials
Southeast University: Qianwen Ding, Qianhui Wang, Haoning Li, Huiying Zhan
University of Pennsylvania: Carlotta de Bellis, Gianna Paglia, Robert Levinthal
BEYOND STONE: Crossing Material Boundaries
Southeast University: Yilun Cao, Feiyu Zhao, Yuzhen Liu, Hongbu Wang
University of Pennsylvania: Anne Parker, Cate Orchard, Zihan (Henry) Wei
DIFFUSED BOUNDARIES: Experiential study of Interactions between the artificial and natural
Southeast University: Xin Du, Ruizhe Wang, Ye Tang, Mengyao Zhang
University of Pennsylvania: Andreina Sojo Faria, Clarasophia Gust, Siyu (Jasmine) Wu
WATER IS LIFE: Jiangnan Waterscape Expo
Southeast University: Yanxiang Yang, Shuyao Ren, Sijia Fan
University of Pennsylvania: Alexandra Hayes, Jesus Frias, Rachel Aaronson, Sierra Caley
FROM HERE TO THERE: Distant Attraction
Southeast University: Rongqian Qiu, Yuhao Cheng, Yinan Chen, Zihao Dai
University of Pennsylvania: Charles Starks, Maria Fairchild, Brianna Belo
IN BETWEEN: Dreams and Reality
Southeast University: Yi He, Yiting Wu, Yunshu Yang
University of Pennsylvania: Anwen Kelly, Brenton Cai, Courtney Ward, Yalei Zhu
BEYOND BOUNDARIES: Between Artifice and Nature
Southeast University: Zhen Lei, Lingzhi Xu, Zixuan Aisin Gioro
University of Pennsylvania: Alexa Ringer, Jordan Arden, Julius Quartey-Papafio, Lillian Zhang
DESIGN WITH SHUI: EXPLORING THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE, ARCHITECTURE, AND URBAN DESIGN
Southeast University: Yan Peng, Yuning Zhuang, Yunlong Liu
University of Pennsylvania: Chesa Wang, Lahy Amman, Miranda Ayres, Ruby Nwaebube, Jichu Zhang
Acknowledgements:
Suzhou Municipal People's Government
Yangzhou Municipal People's Government
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Administration Bureau
Jinling STYLE
Jiangsu Zhusen Architecture Design Co., LTD
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